Do you know someone who constantly seeks attention, is self-involved, and craves praise? If so, then they might be considered narcissistic or exhibit some behaviors of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).
But just having some narcissistic traits does not necessarily mean that they have NPD. Narcissism is a personality trait that ranges along a spectrum. Some people are very high in this trait, while others may only exhibit these characteristics occasionally or in certain situations or settings.
And not all narcissists are the same. It can present in different ways, affecting how people interact with others in their lives.
1. Overt (Grandiose) Narcissism
Overt narcissism is probably what most people think of when they think of someone who is narcissistic. They may be overbearing, extroverted, social, egotistic, and excessively competitive.
Their narcissistic behavior and need for narcissistic supply are obvious. Some common signs of someone with overt narcissism include the following:
- A deep desire for praise and compliments
- Attention seeking
- An inflated sense of self-esteem
- Overestimates their capabilities, intelligence, and abilities
- Interpersonal dominance
- Inability to empathize with others
- Insensitive to the needs of others
- Arrogant and loud
- The “big person” in the room
- Entitled
- Highly self-involved
A person with overt narcissism may perceive themselves as more emotionally intelligent (EI) than they actually are.
2. Covert (Vulnerable) Narcissism
Covert or vulnerable narcissism can be thought of as the opposite presentation of overt narcissism. Their behavior is much less obvious and more subtle.
Covert narcissists don’t behave loudly, nor are they outgoing. They are still highly focused on themselves with a thirst for praise from others. Their need for admiration may manifest as giving backhanded compliments or talking down about themselves to gain reassurance from others.
Other common signs of covert narcissism include the following:
- Introverted
- Difficulty taking criticism
- Feeling and expressing that they are not good enough
- Often plays the victim
- Shames and blames others for their mistakes
- Poor self-esteem
- Insecure and low confidence
3. Communal Narcissism
A type of overt narcissism is communal narcissism. Communal narcissists will claim to have a strong moral code with a belief in fairness, but will not behave according to their beliefs.
Other signs of communal narcissism include:
- High sensitivity to unfairness
- Perceive themselves as generous, giving, and/or saintly
- Expression of emotional outrage in response to unfair circumstances
- Expression of altruistic values
Despite expressing highly altruistic values, their actions will not align with what they say, believe, or think. For instance, their concern for others is not authentic or genuine.
Their intentions for expressing moral outrage are based on gaining social power or elevating self-importance. They are upset when others are treated unfairly, but will not treat others fairly when they face a similar situation.
4. Antagonistic Narcissism
There is some research that suggests there is a subtype of overt narcissism called antagonistic narcissism. It is characterized by the following signs:
- Highly competitive
- Extreme focus on rivalry
- Tendency to disagree and argue
- Takes advantage of others
- Difficulty or lack of forgiveness in others
- Issues trusting others
Overt narcissists are social and outgoing and tend to make friends easily. However, someone with antagonistic narcissism may have trouble maintaining social connections with others as the personality trait is associated with a detrimental effect on peer relationships.
A longitudinal study looked at narcissism and popularity in the development of peer relationships over time. Using data collected from first-year psychology students, the results showed that grandiose narcissism was linked to initial popularity; however, among those with antagonistic behaviors, their popularity decreased in the long run.
5. Malignant Narcissism
The most severe type of narcissism is malignant narcissism. Some mental health researchers have considered this a mixture of narcissism and antisocial personality disorder. A person with malignant narcissism displays symptoms of NPD.
Malignant narcissism is considered a serious condition; however, in the current research, there is no formal structured interview or self-reported measures to identify malignant narcissism. This makes research and diagnosis difficult for this presentation. One 2022 study introduced a scoring procedure using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5.
An exploratory study looked at clinical changes in those with borderline personality disorder in relation to features considered those of malignant narcissism such as paranoid propensities, psychopathic features and a proclivity for sadistic interactions.
The results showed that those with malignant narcissism were more likely to have a slower rate of improvement in anxiety and global functioning.
Similar to overt narcissism, malignant narcissists constantly desire attention and praise; however, their behaviors to fulfill this need are extreme. Some common signs of malignant narcissism include the following:
- Displays paranoia, including a fear of others making fun of them
- Acts aggressively with others
- Sadistic and takes pleasure in the pain of others
- Vindictive
- Zero tolerance for criticism (plus a complete inability to accept criticism)
Narcissism vs. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)
It is important to note that although there are various types of narcissism, there is only one official diagnosis for NPD. Symptoms of NPD are similar to narcissism, such as a lack of empathy for others, a desire for attention and praise, and a sense of entitlement. However, someone with traits of narcissism may not be diagnosed with NPD.
Mental health providers will use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) to clinically diagnose NPD. A diagnosis requires a qualified mental health professional to assess the person for personality dysfunction in multiple domains and the expression of specific personality traits.
NPD is a mental health disorder that leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning in one’s life.
Narcissism can be a common trait during life stages such as adolescence; however, having this personality trait does not mean the person will develop NPD.
Takeaways
Narcissism is a personality trait that exists on a spectrum and does not necessarily predict an NPD diagnosis. Some experts conceptualize five types of narcissism, with malignant narcissism being the most extreme. Covert and overt narcissism contrast with each other, but both are characterized by high self-involvement and a need for admiration and attention. Communal and antagonistic are types of overt narcissism.
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
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